![]() On flat terrain, SMPH significantly decreased the costs for the viticultural steps of winter pruning, tying, shoot positioning and defoliation, but it increased the cost for pest control. The comparison was carried out by univariate analysis of variance with fixed and random effects, and by descriptive analysis of mean values. The costs for standard viticultural processes were compared across three pairs of VSP and low-input training site types with different mechanisation intensities. The costs were obtained from a dataset of 1,519 working time records of labour and machine hours from 20 vineyards belonging to five German wine estates over three years. ![]() This study quantifies the viticultural costs of vertical shoot positioning (VSP) and low-input training systems for standard processes on different types of flat terrain and steep slope vineyards. ![]() However, their effect on viticultural costs and per litre costs on both flat terrain and steep slopes has not yet been analysed. Low-input training systems, such as minimal pruning (MP) and the semi-minimal pruned hedge (SMPH), require less working hours as a result of fewer viticultural process steps and permit a higher degree of mechanisation.
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